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Edward the First, Hammer of the Scots, is one of England’s most celebrated kings.
The son of Henry III, as a young prince Edward was given the task of reducing the dependence of Ireland and Wales on the royal purse. At this time barons put pressure on the English throne; Edward’s father was not a king who was strong in his rule, so Edward fought the Battle of Evesham to protect the rule of his father, showing the sort of bravery he himself would display as king of England.
He then joined the Crusades before acceding to the throne, where he resolved to make England supreme in Britain as well as the mediator of Europe. He sought to make the Welsh people English, and to enforce the shire system upon them for better governance. In Scotland, Edward had to monitor the pretenders to the throne and their alliance with France.
Edward was concerned with the regions of France and Wales who went against treaties and fought for their independence and dominance over the man who was Duke over those areas, including Gascony and Cheshire. Yet Edward was hamstrung by the debts he had inherited, owing money to bankers and needing money for his grand designs.
In his dealings on the continent, Edward won a sure and foremost place for England in the councils of Europe. At home, he pushed through new legislation, particularly with regard to estate law, and reformed every branch of the English judicial system and, Tout argues, created the English constitution. He also re-organised the House of Lords and ensured better representation in the commons.
Yet towards the end of his reign his subjects began to disagree with his foreign policy and Scotland, led by William Wallace, grew increasingly fractious.
Edward died with the hope that England could still subdue Scotland, and with history primed to name him a great English statesman.
T.F. Tout (1855-1929) was an historian and professor at Manchester Victoria University. He wrote a six-volume history of Medieval England.
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